A high concentration of solutes like calcium or oxalate in the urine is what usually first causes these crystals to form and clump together. High concentration of calcium is known as ...

However, with increasing pH, the rate of crystal formation increased, resulting in crystals with various shapes and larger volumes, including calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD) crystal formation.

Calcium oxalate crystals are widespread biominerals that occur in a diverse array of plant species. They play multifaceted roles in plant physiology, including the regulation of intracellular ...

The excess production of oxalate results in the deposition of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys and urinary tract and can lead to the formation of painful and recurrent kidney stones and ...