Metformin is a widely used first-line therapy for type 2 diabetes, and studies increasingly point to its protective effects ...

Thus, spread of inflammation and fibrosis from renal cortex induced atrophy and narrowing or obstruction of lumens of collecting duct in renal medulla (Figure 2h). These findings provide that the ...

This study for the first time to integrate spatial metabolomics and proteomics to decode metformin’s effects in diabetic kidney disease. By mapping ...